The importance of maintaining confinement of fusion-produced energetic ions in a burning plasma cannot be overstated. However, there is a significant challenge in maintaining this confinement due to the presence of electromagnetic waves in fusion plasmas, which can push energetic ions out of the plasma. This interference reduces the heating of the plasma from fusion
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In the realm of condensed matter physics, a groundbreaking achievement has emerged from the collaborative efforts of researchers at renowned institutions. The Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-1), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Paul Scherrer Institut in Switzerland, and the Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) have come together to explore uncharted territory. Topology, a fundamental concept